The Permian – Triassic History of Magmatic Rocks of the Northern Andes (Colombia and Ecuador): Supercontinent Assembly and Disassembly   

Richard SPIKINGS and Andre PAUL

https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.36.2019.01

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Spikings, R. & Paul, A. 2019. The Permian – Triassic history of magmatic rocks of the northern Andes (Colombia and Ecuador): Supercontinent assembly and disassembly. In: Gómez, J. & Pinilla–Pachon, A.O. (editors), The Geology of Colombia, Volume 2 Mesozoic. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Publicaciones Geológicas Especiales 36, p. 1–43. Bogotá. https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.36.2019.01​

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El noroccidente de Suramérica y sus márgenes conjugados registran la formación de Pangea durante el Pérmico, su fragmentación durante el Triásico y la apertura del océano proto–Caribe, así como el comienzo del ciclo andino hace ca. 209 Ma. En este capítulo presentamos una revisión de las rocas magmáticas del Pérmico y Triásico que afloran como fragmentos dispersos en las cordilleras de Colombia y Ecuador; además, presentamos una amplia base de datos geocronológica, geoquímica, isotópica y termocronológica. Estos datos se utilizan para desarrollar un modelo de la evolución de las rocas en Colombia y Ecuador durante la formación y la separación de Pangea. Otros estudios en el sur de la Placa de Norteamérica y en el occidente de la Placa del Caribe, así como en Venezuela y más al sur dentro de Suramérica, han sido también tenidos en cuenta para este análisis. Adicionalmente, se preparó una reconstrucción a gran escala del occidente de Pangea. Las rocas magmáticas del Pérmico de Colombia y Ecuador (288–253 Ma) se formaron en un ambiente de arco continental que se extendió al menos desde el sur de Norteamérica hasta el sur de Perú. En el noroccidente de Suramérica, este arco pérmico se separó durante las interacciones con la Placa del Caribe en el Cenozoico, de forma que algunos bloques fueron transferidos hacia el oriente. La compresión y el metamorfismo regional que ocurrieron hace ca. 250 Ma se observan claramente en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y representan los estados finales de la amalgamación y engrosamiento del occidente de Pangea. El rift continental continuó en el sur de Norteamérica y todo el margen occidental de Suramérica durante 245–216 Ma. La extensión en el retroarco en Suramérica fue muy importante y llevó a una transición rift–drift en Colombia y Ecuador, lo que causó la formación de la litósfera oceánica del proto–Caribe. El rift fue abortado al sur de la deflexión de Huancabamba, pero se preservó como cuencas triásicas en Perú, el occidente de Argentina y Chile. Este rift triásico representa una separación temprana del occidente de Pangea y la atenuación de su margen podría ser el preludio de la separación completa de los continentes, ya que potencia el ascenso del manto y esto induce a la formación de una Gran Provincia Ígnea, debilitando la corteza en un régimen de extensión.

Palabras clave: andino, esfuerzo activo, deformación, mecanismo focal, velocidades GPS.

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