Se presenta una visión general del cambio ambiental y climático en Colombia durante el Cuaternario, últimos ca. 2,58 millones de años (Ma) antes del presente. Este período se caracteriza por un conjunto de ciclos glaciales e interglaciales que se encuentran bien registrados en los sedimentos colombianos. La distribución de los principales ecosistemas de Colombia ha cambiado repetidamente debido al forzamiento orbital a frecuencias de 21 000, 41 000 y 100 000 años que fueron superpuestas por oscilaciones climáticas a escala milenaria (ca. 2500 años). Los registros de polen fósil han detectado la dinámica del bioma a través del tiempo; sin embargo, estos registros varían en duración: los registros más cortos provienen de la selva húmeda tropical del Chocó (extendiéndose hasta ca. 7 kiloaños antes del presente, ka) y del bosque seco interandino (ca. 12 ka), seguidos por las sabanas de los Llanos Orientales (ca. 20 ka), las selvas tropicales amazónicas (ca. 40 ka) y los bosques montanos bajos (ca. 40 ka). Los registros más largos corresponden a las cuencas sedimentarias profundas Bogotá (Funza09, últimos 2,25 Ma) y Fúquene (últimos 284 ka), ubicadas alternativamente en el bosque montano superior y el páramo durante las condiciones interglaciales y glaciales, respectivamente. El cambio climático provocó cambios en la distribución de los biomas: sobre todo latitudinalmente en las tierras bajas y altitudinalmente en las montañas. Los factores extrínsecos de la migración (p. ej., la precipitación media anual, la duración de la estación seca, la pCO₂ atmosférica, la temperatura media anual y los días de congelación) y los cambios en la composición de la vegetación y los factores intrínsecos (entre ellos la competencia interespecie y los efectos heredados) no son lo suficientemente comprendidos y, por lo tanto, dificultan las proyecciones del efecto de los cambios ambientales futuros en los biomas. La información pleistocena y holocena de múltiples sitios se ha sintetizado espacialmente mediante el desarrollo de la base de datos palinológicos de América Latina. La información palinológica de múltiples sitios se ha analizado mediante el método de biomización para contribuir a los modelos basados en datos paleontológicos y proyecciones sobre el futuro de los biomas en Colombia. Un nuevo método en el que las paleoreconstrucciones basadas en datos palinológicos se analizan espacialmente con modelos digitales de elevación mejoró nuestro entendimiento sobre los cambios espaciales y altitudinales de los ecotonos, por ejemplo, la línea forestal superior en los Andes del norte. En la información suplementaria de este capítulo se destacan las fortalezas y debilidades en la investigación paleoecológica cuaternaria y se ofrecen sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.

Palabras clave: cambio climático, Colombia, cambio ambiental, registros palinológicos, análisis cuantitativos, ambientes cuaternarios sin análogo.

Fq                     Fúquene

ka                     thousand years before present

ky                     any period of a thousand years (e.g., frequency lengths, response delay    time)

y                           years

LMF               Lower montane forest

Ma                   million years before present

MIS                 Marine isotope stage

PFT                 Plant functional type

UFL                 Upper forest line

UMF                Upper montane forest

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